Role of micro- and nano-plastics in altering biogeochemical cycles

Recently, plastic products have played a significant role in life-supporting appliances, but after their shelf life, they are causing ubiquitous micro- and nano-plastic (MNP) pollution in natural environments. Scientific studies have proved that MNP contamination significantly contributes to global climate change to alter biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen (N), carbon (C), and phosphorus (P). These elements are essential for all living organisms to function properly, but their excessive amounts can negatively affect the ecosystem. Thus, biogeochemical cycles should be investigated to maintain a sustainable environment. This mini review aims to summarize the existing knowledge on how the biogeochemical cycles have been affected by MNP pollution at terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric levels. MNP presence may affect environmental matrix properties or the physiology of the microorganisms and plants/animals, resulting in changes in plant uptake and metabolic efficiency. These insights will help researchers frame comprehensive strategies and fruitful engineering solutions to address environmental and climatic risks in the foreseeable future.