Review: Fractal Geometry in Precipitation

Rainfall, or more generally the precipitation process (flux), is a clear example of chaotic variables resulting from a highly nonlinear dynamical system, the atmosphere, which is represented by a set of physical equations such as the Navier–Stokes equations, energy balances, and the hydrological cycle, among others. As a generalization of the Euclidean (ordinary) measurements, chaotic solutions of these equations are characterized by fractal indices, that is, non-integer values that represent the complexity of variables like the rainfall. However, observed precipitation is measured as an aggregate variable over time; thus, a physical analysis of observed fluxes is very limited. Consequently, this review aims to go through the different approaches used to identify and analyze the complexity of observed precipitation, taking advantage of its geometry footprint. To address the review, it ranges from classical perspectives of fractal-based techniques to new perspectives at temporal and spatial scales as well as for the classification of climatic features, including the monofractal dimension, multifractal approaches, Hurst exponent, Shannon entropy, and time-scaling in intensity–duration–frequency curves.