Observability on the classes of non-nilpotent solvable three-dimensional Lie groups

In control theory, researchers need to understand a system’s local and global behaviors in relation to its initial conditions. When discussing observability, the main focus is on the ability to analyze the system using an output space defined by an output map. In this study, our objective was to establish conditions for characterizing the observability properties of linear control systems on Lie groups. We will focus on five classes of solvable, non-nilpotent three-dimensional Lie groups, examining local and global perspectives. This analysis explores the kernels of homomorphisms between the state space and its simply connected subgroups, where the output is projected onto the quotient space.