MXenes in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Advances, challenges, and future perspectives

The appealing charm of two-dimensional (2D) materials has sparked a wave of innovation across diverse scientific domains, particularly in the realm of biomedical and therapeutic applications. Among these remarkable materials, MXenes stand out as transition metal nitrides and carbides endowed with extraordinary properties. Boasting low toxicity, expansive surface area, antibacterial prowess, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and impressive electrical conductivity, MXenes hold immense promise for a myriad of biomedical applications from bioimaging to cancer therapy and beyond. Despite their vast potential, challenges persist in ensuring controlled drug release, stability in physiological milieus, and biodegradability. By harnessing the transformative power of nanomedicine, meticulously crafted MXene ultra-thin nanosheets emerge as versatile inorganic nanosystems primed for diverse biomedical roles. Positioned as optimal candidates for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, MXenes mark a new age of healthcare innovation. This article delves into the latest strides made in leveraging 2D MXenes for cutting-edge regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications while shedding light on the formidable obstacles and promising future vistas awaiting exploration with these extraordinary materials.