Insight on recent development in metallic biomaterials: Strategies involving synthesis, types and surface modification for advanced therapeutic and biomedical applications

Metallic biomaterials are man-made systems that aid in the retention of biological tissues in a variety of applications, such as joint replacements, dental implants, orthopaedic fixations, and stenting. However, it has been shown that increased use of biomaterial implants is associated with implant-related problems, such as inadequate implant integration, inflammation, mechanical instability, necrosis, and infection, coupled with increased patient care, pain, and functional loss. It is necessary to alter the appearance of bio-inert metals, such as titanium and cobalt-based alloys, to make them more useful. Surface structuring and coating with bioactive ceramic and polymer thin films are some of the approaches used in this research. Owing to their resistance towards corrosion, which means that they can last for a long time while also having a great deal of strength, bio-inert materials are important for a wide range of load-bearing functions. However, they do not cause long-term harm to the host in either the local or systemic environment. In this review, we will discuss the major representatives of metallic biomaterials and their potential applications in the medical field, their synthesis and characteristics were mentioned, as well as the key existing and emerging strategies for surface and bulk modification of metallic biomaterials with respect to the emerging strategies in the medical treatment were optimized, which are used to improve the bio integration, mechanical strength, and flexibility of biometals, as well as their biocompatibility. Also discussed are the potential applications of metallic biomaterials in the field of medicine.