Exploratory archaeometric study of the ochers present in Calama cemeteries during the Middle Formative period (500 BC-100 AD), northern Chile

Here we present the results of the Raman and Infrared spectroscopy analysis of red pigments from two funeral contexts from the Topater-1 cemetery, in addition to two other samples, one from the San Salvador sector, and another without reference as a control sample. All pigments were found in the Calama area, northern Chile (ca. 500 BC - 100 AD). The red chromophore identified in all cases was hematite, as well as different types of clay and variable amounts of organic matter. The clay contents are related to various sources of supply, while the presence of organic matter suggests technological processes. Then, the contrast of these results with the local archaeological evidence allows us to explore technological practices where the individuallandscape or environment relationship is important. This evidence is significant because they converge with funeral practices where these pigments are deposited in valves of Concholepas concholepas. Carrying out long-range studies in the region from this perspective would allow: i) to give a statistical basis to these preliminary notions, ii) to propose subsequent analyticalinstrumental actions, and iii) to infer on the management and local circulation of hematite and the associated practices.