Electroosmotic MHD ternary hybrid Jeffery nanofluid flow through a ciliated vertical channel with gyrotactic microorganisms: Entropy generation optimization

In this study, the computational analysis of entropy generation optimization for synthetic cilia regulated ternary hybrid Jeffery nanofluid (Ag–Au–TiO₂/PVA) flow through a peristaltic vertical channel with swimming motile Gyrotactic microorganisms is investigated. Understanding the intricate interaction of multiple physical phenomena in biomedical applications is essential for optimizing entropy generation and advancing microfluidic systems. The characteristics of nanofluid are explored for the electroosmotic MHD fluid flow in the presence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion, viscous dissipation, Ohmic heating and chemical reaction. Using the appropriate transformations, a set of ordinary differential equations are created from the governing partial differential equations. The resulting ODEs are numerically solved using the shooting technique using BVP5C in MATLAB after applying the long-wavelength and low Reynolds number approximation. The velocity, temperature, concentration, electroosmosis, and microorganism density profiles are analyzed graphically for different emerging parameters. Graphical investigation of engineering interest quantities like heat transfer rate, mass transfer rate, skin friction coefficient, and entropy generation optimization are also presented. It is observed that the rate of mass transfer increases for increasing thermophoretic parameter, while reverse effect is noted for Brownian motion parameter, Schmidt number, and chemical reaction number. The outcomes of present study can be pertinent in studying Cilia properties of respiratory tract, reproductive system, and brain ventricles.