Detection and impact assessment of polylactic acid microplastics in aquatic and sediment systems: Advances in analytical techniques

The increasing presence of polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics (MPs) in aquatic and sediment environments necessitates advanced analytical approaches to monitor their distribution and environmental impacts. This review presents recent advancements in the detection, quantification, and analysis of PLA MPs, with emphasis on spectroscopic, thermo-analytical, and chromatographic methods. Applications in environmental monitoring, including sampling techniques and the spatial distribution of PLA MPs are discussed, along with their ecological implications. The challenges of standardisation of analytical protocols and the role of PLA MPs as vectors for pollutants were examined. Furthermore, this review highlights innovative solutions, including nondestructive techniques, machine learning integration, and enhanced sensitivity for nanoplastic detection. These developments underscore the importance of harmonised methodologies for effective environmental monitoring and pollution mitigation. By addressing the existing challenges and exploring future directions, this study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the role of PLA MPs in aquatic and sediment ecosystems.