ApoE alleles and tau markers in patients with different levels of cognitive impairment

Background. The presence of brain hyperphosphorylated tau constitutes a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders of the Alzheimer's type. This report describes the relationships between tau markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the degree of cognitive impairment and the predictive value of genetic markers such the alleles of apolipoprotein E, namely, the presence of Apo-ε4, as part of a longitudinal study. Methods. Three major groups of patients with ages ranging from 65-73 years were evaluated in this study (n = 72): Alzheimer's disease patients (AD), a group with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal senile patients (NS). Hyperphosphorylated tau and tau dephosphorylated species at the Alzheimer-type epitopes in CSF samples were analyzed by ELISA assays using a battery of different monoclonal antibodies. ApoE was analyzed by PCR in blood samples. Results. The levels of hyperphosphorylated tau were significantly higher in AD patients, but no statistical differences were found between the MCI and NS groups. However, the analysis of tau markers and cognitive impairment indicated the existence of two main subgroups within this population: MCI patients with a higher cognitive impairment as revealed by the total box score (TBS) >1.5 who exihibited phosphorylated tau patterns similar to the AD group, and patients with a mild impairment (TBS <1.5) with tau patterns similar to normal patients. In regard to ApoE, ε4/ε4 genotype was absent in the Chilean population analyzed, and only the ε2/ε4 genotype was significantly increased in both MCI and AD patients. A detailed analysis of the ApoE alleles, particularly ε3 and ε4, indicated a tendency to increase the ε4 allele in the MCI group with higher cognitive impairment and in AD patients. Conclusions. Studies indicate that hyperphosphorylated tau is a good indicator of the degree of cognitive disorders in early stages of AD and that no clear correlation exists with the ε4/ε4 and ε3/ε4 genotypes, even though a higher proportion of ε4 allele in the MCI group with a more significant level of impairment and in AD patients was evidenced.