An avant-garde of carbon-doped photoanode materials on photo-electrochemical water splitting performance: A review

Green hydrogen is the fuel of the future and it becomes a booming topic around the world recently as its consideration as a promising environmentally pleasant electricity provider for changing conventional fossil fuels. In this context, photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells efficiently convert sun illumination at once to inexperienced H₂ gasoline with the aid of using PEC water splitting. As visible-light-responsive photoanodes, carbon-doped materials substances have been attracting great interest current years because of their tremendous photocatalytic activity, attractive electronic band structure, excessive physicochemical stability, and huge applications. The photocatalytic efficiency of carbon-doped materials concerning H₂ production from water splitting relies upon the separation and transport efficiency of the photogenerated charge carriers. This review consists of bibliometric analysis and state-of-the-art carbon-doped materials as photoanode towards the performance of PEC water splitting. It covers the performance of various carbon-doped photoanodes, functionalization of carbon materials, heterojunction mechanism on developed carbon-doped materials, and cell design aspect of PEC reactor.