A Review of Biological Methods for Air Pollution Control and Environmental Sustainability

Air pollution remains a vital global issue with severe environmental and public health implications. Traditional air pollution control methods, including physical and chemical approaches, often suffer from high energy demands, operating costs, and the generation of secondary pollutants. As a sustainable alternative, biological methods have gained traction for their effectiveness, lower environmental impact, and operating cost efficiency. This review explores various biological techniques, including bioreactors, biofilters, and plant-based systems, highlighting their mechanisms, advantages, and limitations. The discussion extends to the role of microorganisms, plants, and innovative biotechnological advancements in removing harmful air pollutants. Emphasizing the importance of biological methods in enclosed environments, the review underscores their potential to efficiently address air pollution challenges, offering hope for a cleaner future.