The First Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I. Validation of the TOI-700 System

Emily A. Gilbert; Thomas Barclay; Joshua E. Schlieder; Elisa V. Quintana; Benjamin J. Hord; Veselin B. Kostov; Eric D. Lopez; Jason F. Rowe; Kelsey Hoffman; Lucianne M. Walkowicz; Michele L. Silverstein; Joseph E. Rodriguez; Andrew Vanderburg; Gabrielle Suissa; Vladimir S. Airapetian; Matthew S. Clement; Sean N. Raymond; Andrew W. Mann; Ethan Kruse; Jack J. Lissauer; Knicole D. Colón; Ravi kumar Kopparapu; Laura Kreidberg; Sebastian Zieba; Karen A. Collins; Samuel N. Quinn; Steve B. Howell; Carl Ziegler; Eliot Halley Vrijmoet; Fred C. Adams; Giada N. Arney; Patricia T. Boyd; Jonathan Brande; Christopher J. Burke; Luca Cacciapuoti; Quadry Chance; Jessie L. Christiansen; Giovanni Covone; Tansu Daylan; Danielle Dineen; Courtney D. Dressing; Zahra Essack; Thomas J. Fauchez; Brianna Galgano; Alex R. Howe; Lisa Kaltenegger; Stephen R. Kane; Christopher Lam; Eve J. Lee; Nikole K. Lewis; Sarah E. Logsdon; Avi M. Mandell; Teresa Monsue; Fergal Mullally; Susan E. Mullally; Rishi R. Paudel; Daria Pidhorodetska; Peter Plavchan; Naylynn Ta&ntilde;ón Reyes; Stephen A. Rinehart; Bárbara Rojas-Ayala; Jeffrey C. Smith; Keivan G. Stassun; Peter Tenenbaum; Laura D. Vega; Geronimo L. Villanueva; Eric T. Wolf; Allison Youngblood; George R. Ricker; Roland K. Vanderspek; David W. Latham; Sara Seager; Joshua N. Winn; Jon M. Jenkins; Gáspár A. Bakos; César Brice&ntilde;o; David R. Ciardi; Ryan Cloutier; Dennis M. Conti; Andrew Couperus; Mario Di Sora; Nora L. Eisner; Mark E. Everett; Tianjun Gan; Joel D. Hartman; Todd Henry; Giovanni Isopi; Wei Chun Jao; Eric L.N. Jensen; Nicholas Law; Franco Mallia; Rachel A. Matson; Benjamin J. Shappee; Mackennae Le Wood; Jennifer G. Winters

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2

The First Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I. Validation of the TOI-700 System

Emily A. Gilbert
, Thomas Barclay
, Joshua E. Schlieder
, Elisa V. Quintana
, Benjamin J. Hord
, Veselin B. Kostov
, Eric D. Lopez
, Jason F. Rowe
, Kelsey Hoffman
, Lucianne M. Walkowicz
, Michele L. Silverstein
, Joseph E. Rodriguez
, Andrew Vanderburg
, Gabrielle Suissa
, Vladimir S. Airapetian
, Matthew S. Clement
, Sean N. Raymond
, Andrew W. Mann
, Ethan Kruse
, Jack J. Lissauer

Knicole D. Colón, Ravi kumar Kopparapu, Laura Kreidberg, Sebastian Zieba, Karen A. Collins, Samuel N. Quinn, Steve B. Howell, Carl Ziegler, Eliot Halley Vrijmoet, Fred C. Adams, Giada N. Arney, Patricia T. Boyd, Jonathan Brande, Christopher J. Burke, Luca Cacciapuoti, Quadry Chance, Jessie L. Christiansen, Giovanni Covone, Tansu Daylan, Danielle Dineen, Courtney D. Dressing, Zahra Essack, Thomas J. Fauchez, Brianna Galgano, Alex R. Howe, Lisa Kaltenegger, Stephen R. Kane, Christopher Lam, Eve J. Lee, Nikole K. Lewis, Sarah E. Logsdon, Avi M. Mandell, Teresa Monsue, Fergal Mullally, Susan E. Mullally, Rishi R. Paudel, Daria Pidhorodetska, Peter Plavchan, Naylynn Tañón Reyes, Stephen A. Rinehart, Bárbara Rojas-Ayala, Jeffrey C. Smith, Keivan G. Stassun, Peter Tenenbaum, Laura D. Vega, Geronimo L. Villanueva, Eric T. Wolf, Allison Youngblood, George R. Ricker, Roland K. Vanderspek, David W. Latham, Sara Seager, Joshua N. Winn, Jon M. Jenkins, Gáspár A. Bakos, César Briceño, David R. Ciardi, Ryan Cloutier, Dennis M. Conti, Andrew Couperus, Mario Di Sora, Nora L. Eisner, Mark E. Everett, Tianjun Gan, Joel D. Hartman, Todd Henry, Giovanni Isopi, Wei Chun Jao, Eric L.N. Jensen, Nicholas Law, Franco Mallia, Rachel A. Matson, Benjamin J. Shappee, Mackennae Le Wood, Jennifer G. Winters

Institute of Higher Research

The University of Chicago
Adler Planetarium
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
GSFC Sellers Exoplanet Environments Collaboration
University of Maryland, Baltimore County
University of Maryland, College Park
Bishop's University
SETI Institute
RECONS Institute
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
University of Texas at Austin
Universities Space Research Association
Carnegie Institution of Washington
Université de Bordeaux
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
NASA Ames Research Center
University of Innsbruck
University of Toronto
Georgia State University
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
University of Naples Federico II
University of Florida
California Institute of Technology
National Institute for Astrophysics
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
University of California at Berkeley
Fisk University
Cornell University
University of California at Riverside
McGill University
NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory
Space Telescope Science Institute
George Mason University
San Diego Mesa College
Vanderbilt University
University of Colorado Boulder
Princeton University
National Optical Astronomy Observatory
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
American Association of Variable Star Observers
Campo Catino Astronomical Observatory
University of Oxford
Tsinghua University
Swarthmore College
University of Hawai'i at Mānoa

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86 Scopus citations

Abstract

We present the discovery and validation of a three-planet system orbiting the nearby (31.1 pc) M2 dwarf star TOI-700 (TIC 150428135). TOI-700 lies in the TESS continuous viewing zone in the Southern Ecliptic Hemisphere; observations spanning 11 sectors reveal three planets with radii ranging from 1 R ⊕ to 2.6 R ⊕ and orbital periods ranging from 9.98 to 37.43 days. Ground-based follow-up combined with diagnostic vetting and validation tests enables us to rule out common astrophysical false-positive scenarios and validate the system of planets. The outermost planet, TOI-700 d, has a radius of 1.19 ± 0.11 R ⊕ and resides within a conservative estimate of the host star's habitable zone, where it receives a flux from its star that is approximately 86% of Earth's insolation. In contrast to some other low-mass stars that host Earth-sized planets in their habitable zones, TOI-700 exhibits low levels of stellar activity, presenting a valuable opportunity to study potentially rocky planets over a wide range of conditions affecting atmospheric escape. While atmospheric characterization of TOI-700 d with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be challenging, the larger sub-Neptune, TOI-700 c (R = 2.63 R ⊕), will be an excellent target for JWST and future space-based observatories. TESS is scheduled to once again observe the Southern Hemisphere, and it will monitor TOI-700 for an additional 11 sectors in its extended mission. These observations should allow further constraints on the known planet parameters and searches for additional planets and transit timing variations in the system.

Original language	English
Article number	aba4b2
Journal	Astronomical Journal
Volume	160
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2
State	Published - Sep 2020

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10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2

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Gilbert, E. A., Barclay, T., Schlieder, J. E., Quintana, E. V., Hord, B. J., Kostov, V. B., Lopez, E. D., Rowe, J. F., Hoffman, K., Walkowicz, L. M., Silverstein, M. L., Rodriguez, J. E., Vanderburg, A., Suissa, G., Airapetian, V. S., Clement, M. S., Raymond, S. N., Mann, A. W., Kruse, E., ... Winters, J. G. (2020). The First Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I. Validation of the TOI-700 System. Astronomical Journal, 160(3), Article aba4b2. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2

@article{ddff20fd1baf4a1db3af9db2fea23098,

title = "The First Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I. Validation of the TOI-700 System",

abstract = "We present the discovery and validation of a three-planet system orbiting the nearby (31.1 pc) M2 dwarf star TOI-700 (TIC 150428135). TOI-700 lies in the TESS continuous viewing zone in the Southern Ecliptic Hemisphere; observations spanning 11 sectors reveal three planets with radii ranging from 1 R ⊕ to 2.6 R ⊕ and orbital periods ranging from 9.98 to 37.43 days. Ground-based follow-up combined with diagnostic vetting and validation tests enables us to rule out common astrophysical false-positive scenarios and validate the system of planets. The outermost planet, TOI-700 d, has a radius of 1.19 ± 0.11 R ⊕ and resides within a conservative estimate of the host star's habitable zone, where it receives a flux from its star that is approximately 86\% of Earth's insolation. In contrast to some other low-mass stars that host Earth-sized planets in their habitable zones, TOI-700 exhibits low levels of stellar activity, presenting a valuable opportunity to study potentially rocky planets over a wide range of conditions affecting atmospheric escape. While atmospheric characterization of TOI-700 d with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be challenging, the larger sub-Neptune, TOI-700 c (R = 2.63 R ⊕), will be an excellent target for JWST and future space-based observatories. TESS is scheduled to once again observe the Southern Hemisphere, and it will monitor TOI-700 for an additional 11 sectors in its extended mission. These observations should allow further constraints on the known planet parameters and searches for additional planets and transit timing variations in the system.",

author = "Gilbert, \{Emily A.\} and Thomas Barclay and Schlieder, \{Joshua E.\} and Quintana, \{Elisa V.\} and Hord, \{Benjamin J.\} and Kostov, \{Veselin B.\} and Lopez, \{Eric D.\} and Rowe, \{Jason F.\} and Kelsey Hoffman and Walkowicz, \{Lucianne M.\} and Silverstein, \{Michele L.\} and Rodriguez, \{Joseph E.\} and Andrew Vanderburg and Gabrielle Suissa and Airapetian, \{Vladimir S.\} and Clement, \{Matthew S.\} and Raymond, \{Sean N.\} and Mann, \{Andrew W.\} and Ethan Kruse and Lissauer, \{Jack J.\} and Col{\'o}n, \{Knicole D.\} and Kopparapu, \{Ravi kumar\} and Laura Kreidberg and Sebastian Zieba and Collins, \{Karen A.\} and Quinn, \{Samuel N.\} and Howell, \{Steve B.\} and Carl Ziegler and Vrijmoet, \{Eliot Halley\} and Adams, \{Fred C.\} and Arney, \{Giada N.\} and Boyd, \{Patricia T.\} and Jonathan Brande and Burke, \{Christopher J.\} and Luca Cacciapuoti and Quadry Chance and Christiansen, \{Jessie L.\} and Giovanni Covone and Tansu Daylan and Danielle Dineen and Dressing, \{Courtney D.\} and Zahra Essack and Fauchez, \{Thomas J.\} and Brianna Galgano and Howe, \{Alex R.\} and Lisa Kaltenegger and Kane, \{Stephen R.\} and Christopher Lam and Lee, \{Eve J.\} and Lewis, \{Nikole K.\} and Logsdon, \{Sarah E.\} and Mandell, \{Avi M.\} and Teresa Monsue and Fergal Mullally and Mullally, \{Susan E.\} and Paudel, \{Rishi R.\} and Daria Pidhorodetska and Peter Plavchan and Reyes, \{Naylynn Ta\ñ{\'o}n\} and Rinehart, \{Stephen A.\} and B{\'a}rbara Rojas-Ayala and Smith, \{Jeffrey C.\} and Stassun, \{Keivan G.\} and Peter Tenenbaum and Vega, \{Laura D.\} and Villanueva, \{Geronimo L.\} and Wolf, \{Eric T.\} and Allison Youngblood and Ricker, \{George R.\} and Vanderspek, \{Roland K.\} and Latham, \{David W.\} and Sara Seager and Winn, \{Joshua N.\} and Jenkins, \{Jon M.\} and Bakos, \{G{\'a}sp{\'a}r A.\} and C{\'e}sar Brice\ño and Ciardi, \{David R.\} and Ryan Cloutier and Conti, \{Dennis M.\} and Andrew Couperus and \{Di Sora\}, Mario and Eisner, \{Nora L.\} and Everett, \{Mark E.\} and Tianjun Gan and Hartman, \{Joel D.\} and Todd Henry and Giovanni Isopi and Jao, \{Wei Chun\} and Jensen, \{Eric L.N.\} and Nicholas Law and Franco Mallia and Matson, \{Rachel A.\} and Shappee, \{Benjamin J.\} and \{Le Wood\}, Mackennae and Winters, \{Jennifer G.\}",

year = "2020",

month = sep,

doi = "10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2",

language = "English",

volume = "160",

journal = "Astronomical Journal",

issn = "0004-6256",

number = "3",

}

Gilbert, EA, Barclay, T, Schlieder, JE, Quintana, EV, Hord, BJ, Kostov, VB, Lopez, ED, Rowe, JF, Hoffman, K, Walkowicz, LM, Silverstein, ML, Rodriguez, JE, Vanderburg, A, Suissa, G, Airapetian, VS, Clement, MS, Raymond, SN, Mann, AW, Kruse, E, Lissauer, JJ, Colón, KD, Kopparapu, RK, Kreidberg, L, Zieba, S, Collins, KA, Quinn, SN, Howell, SB, Ziegler, C, Vrijmoet, EH, Adams, FC, Arney, GN, Boyd, PT, Brande, J, Burke, CJ, Cacciapuoti, L, Chance, Q, Christiansen, JL, Covone, G, Daylan, T, Dineen, D, Dressing, CD, Essack, Z, Fauchez, TJ, Galgano, B, Howe, AR, Kaltenegger, L, Kane, SR, Lam, C, Lee, EJ, Lewis, NK, Logsdon, SE, Mandell, AM, Monsue, T, Mullally, F, Mullally, SE, Paudel, RR, Pidhorodetska, D, Plavchan, P, Reyes, NT, Rinehart, SA, Rojas-Ayala, B, Smith, JC, Stassun, KG, Tenenbaum, P, Vega, LD, Villanueva, GL, Wolf, ET, Youngblood, A, Ricker, GR, Vanderspek, RK, Latham, DW, Seager, S, Winn, JN, Jenkins, JM, Bakos, GA, Briceño, C, Ciardi, DR, Cloutier, R, Conti, DM, Couperus, A, Di Sora, M, Eisner, NL, Everett, ME, Gan, T, Hartman, JD, Henry, T, Isopi, G, Jao, WC, Jensen, ELN, Law, N, Mallia, F, Matson, RA, Shappee, BJ, Le Wood, M & Winters, JG 2020, 'The First Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I. Validation of the TOI-700 System', Astronomical Journal, vol. 160, no. 3, aba4b2. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2

TY - JOUR

T1 - The First Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I. Validation of the TOI-700 System

AU - Gilbert, Emily A.

AU - Barclay, Thomas

AU - Schlieder, Joshua E.

AU - Quintana, Elisa V.

AU - Hord, Benjamin J.

AU - Kostov, Veselin B.

AU - Lopez, Eric D.

AU - Rowe, Jason F.

AU - Hoffman, Kelsey

AU - Walkowicz, Lucianne M.

AU - Silverstein, Michele L.

AU - Rodriguez, Joseph E.

AU - Vanderburg, Andrew

AU - Suissa, Gabrielle

AU - Airapetian, Vladimir S.

AU - Clement, Matthew S.

AU - Raymond, Sean N.

AU - Mann, Andrew W.

AU - Kruse, Ethan

AU - Lissauer, Jack J.

AU - Colón, Knicole D.

AU - Kopparapu, Ravi kumar

AU - Kreidberg, Laura

AU - Zieba, Sebastian

AU - Collins, Karen A.

AU - Quinn, Samuel N.

AU - Howell, Steve B.

AU - Ziegler, Carl

AU - Vrijmoet, Eliot Halley

AU - Adams, Fred C.

AU - Arney, Giada N.

AU - Boyd, Patricia T.

AU - Brande, Jonathan

AU - Burke, Christopher J.

AU - Cacciapuoti, Luca

AU - Chance, Quadry

AU - Christiansen, Jessie L.

AU - Covone, Giovanni

AU - Daylan, Tansu

AU - Dineen, Danielle

AU - Dressing, Courtney D.

AU - Essack, Zahra

AU - Fauchez, Thomas J.

AU - Galgano, Brianna

AU - Howe, Alex R.

AU - Kaltenegger, Lisa

AU - Kane, Stephen R.

AU - Lam, Christopher

AU - Lee, Eve J.

AU - Lewis, Nikole K.

AU - Logsdon, Sarah E.

AU - Mandell, Avi M.

AU - Monsue, Teresa

AU - Mullally, Fergal

AU - Mullally, Susan E.

AU - Paudel, Rishi R.

AU - Pidhorodetska, Daria

AU - Plavchan, Peter

AU - Reyes, Naylynn Tañón

AU - Rinehart, Stephen A.

AU - Rojas-Ayala, Bárbara

AU - Smith, Jeffrey C.

AU - Stassun, Keivan G.

AU - Tenenbaum, Peter

AU - Vega, Laura D.

AU - Villanueva, Geronimo L.

AU - Wolf, Eric T.

AU - Youngblood, Allison

AU - Ricker, George R.

AU - Vanderspek, Roland K.

AU - Latham, David W.

AU - Seager, Sara

AU - Winn, Joshua N.

AU - Jenkins, Jon M.

AU - Bakos, Gáspár A.

AU - Briceño, César

AU - Ciardi, David R.

AU - Cloutier, Ryan

AU - Conti, Dennis M.

AU - Couperus, Andrew

AU - Di Sora, Mario

AU - Eisner, Nora L.

AU - Everett, Mark E.

AU - Gan, Tianjun

AU - Hartman, Joel D.

AU - Henry, Todd

AU - Isopi, Giovanni

AU - Jao, Wei Chun

AU - Jensen, Eric L.N.

AU - Law, Nicholas

AU - Mallia, Franco

AU - Matson, Rachel A.

AU - Shappee, Benjamin J.

AU - Le Wood, Mackennae

AU - Winters, Jennifer G.

PY - 2020/9

Y1 - 2020/9

N2 - We present the discovery and validation of a three-planet system orbiting the nearby (31.1 pc) M2 dwarf star TOI-700 (TIC 150428135). TOI-700 lies in the TESS continuous viewing zone in the Southern Ecliptic Hemisphere; observations spanning 11 sectors reveal three planets with radii ranging from 1 R ⊕ to 2.6 R ⊕ and orbital periods ranging from 9.98 to 37.43 days. Ground-based follow-up combined with diagnostic vetting and validation tests enables us to rule out common astrophysical false-positive scenarios and validate the system of planets. The outermost planet, TOI-700 d, has a radius of 1.19 ± 0.11 R ⊕ and resides within a conservative estimate of the host star's habitable zone, where it receives a flux from its star that is approximately 86% of Earth's insolation. In contrast to some other low-mass stars that host Earth-sized planets in their habitable zones, TOI-700 exhibits low levels of stellar activity, presenting a valuable opportunity to study potentially rocky planets over a wide range of conditions affecting atmospheric escape. While atmospheric characterization of TOI-700 d with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be challenging, the larger sub-Neptune, TOI-700 c (R = 2.63 R ⊕), will be an excellent target for JWST and future space-based observatories. TESS is scheduled to once again observe the Southern Hemisphere, and it will monitor TOI-700 for an additional 11 sectors in its extended mission. These observations should allow further constraints on the known planet parameters and searches for additional planets and transit timing variations in the system.

AB - We present the discovery and validation of a three-planet system orbiting the nearby (31.1 pc) M2 dwarf star TOI-700 (TIC 150428135). TOI-700 lies in the TESS continuous viewing zone in the Southern Ecliptic Hemisphere; observations spanning 11 sectors reveal three planets with radii ranging from 1 R ⊕ to 2.6 R ⊕ and orbital periods ranging from 9.98 to 37.43 days. Ground-based follow-up combined with diagnostic vetting and validation tests enables us to rule out common astrophysical false-positive scenarios and validate the system of planets. The outermost planet, TOI-700 d, has a radius of 1.19 ± 0.11 R ⊕ and resides within a conservative estimate of the host star's habitable zone, where it receives a flux from its star that is approximately 86% of Earth's insolation. In contrast to some other low-mass stars that host Earth-sized planets in their habitable zones, TOI-700 exhibits low levels of stellar activity, presenting a valuable opportunity to study potentially rocky planets over a wide range of conditions affecting atmospheric escape. While atmospheric characterization of TOI-700 d with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be challenging, the larger sub-Neptune, TOI-700 c (R = 2.63 R ⊕), will be an excellent target for JWST and future space-based observatories. TESS is scheduled to once again observe the Southern Hemisphere, and it will monitor TOI-700 for an additional 11 sectors in its extended mission. These observations should allow further constraints on the known planet parameters and searches for additional planets and transit timing variations in the system.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85093521317

U2 - 10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2

DO - 10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85093521317

SN - 0004-6256

VL - 160

JO - Astronomical Journal

JF - Astronomical Journal

IS - 3

M1 - aba4b2

ER -

The First Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I. Validation of the TOI-700 System

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