Role of nanotechnology for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biopotent energy: A biorefinery approach for waste to value-added products

The development of low-cost bioenergy from the world's most abundant lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is critical, as is tackling the issue of environmental contamination. In this context, nanomaterials have been used as catalysts for the production of sugars and derivative compounds that are easily absorbed by LCB cells. NPs derived from microorganisms can protect fermenting strains, hence increasing biofuel yield. Enzymes immobilised on nanoparticles or coupled with nanomaterials can be used to hydrolyze LCB in unique and ecologically friendly methods. Nanomaterials improve the efficiency, reusability, and stability of enzymes. Magnetic nanoparticles, in particular, have carved out a place for themselves through the process of downstreaming LCB effluents at a significant cost savings and increased efficiency. The role of nanotechnology and nanoparticles in the refining of LCB into a variety of commercially valuable products and precursors is highlighted in this review. This article successfully illustrates the relationship between nanotechnology concepts and the LCB refinery process.