Innovative Analytical Strategies for Detection and Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers: Microbial and Hybrid Approaches for Sustainable Plastic Remediation

Synthetic polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) persist in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Their resistance to degradation exacerbates microplastic pollution, posing a significant environmental challenge. Recent advances in analytical science have enabled more precise detection and effective degradation of these polymers, fostering sustainable remediation strategies. This review synthesizes state-of-the-art analytical methodologies, including spectroscopic (FTIR and Raman), chromatographic, and microscopic techniques for the identification and quantification of plastics ranging from 1 to 10 µm in complex environmental matrices. Furthermore, physical, chemical, and biological degradation pathways were explored, with an emphasis on microbial remediation using bacteria, fungi, algae, and actinomycetes. Emerging technologies such as nanotechnology, enzymatic degradation, and genetic engineering have been highlighted for their potential to effectively enhance plastic degradation. Synergistic approaches that integrate both biotic and abiotic methods can greatly accelerate plastic degradation. For instance, pretreatment strategies combined with biotic degradation have been shown to enhance hydrolase-mediated breakdown of plastics, including PE, LDPE, and PET, by more than fourfold. Moreover, integrating nanotechnology with biotic degradation further accelerates plastic breakdown compared to biotic methods alone. Genetically engineered microbial strains have also been shown to achieve up to a 14-fold increase in degradation efficiency compared to nonengineered strains. Similarly, enzymatic degradation provides a promising approach through hydrolases, particularly engineered enzymes such as cutinases, PETases, and MHETases. Despite significant progress in plastic degradation, challenges remain in optimizing and standardizing analytical methods while ensuring ecological safety and enabling real-time monitoring. Addressing these gaps is essential for advancing holistic data-driven approaches to global plastic pollution mitigation.